Principle of Natural Selection propounded: Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life is published.
2007
Human skin cells are reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells: Geneticist Shinya Yamanaka in Japan and geneticist Junying Yu and developmental biologist James Thomson in Wisconsin report that their research teams have successfully reprogrammed human skin cells to become pluripotent stem cells. These "induced pluripotent stem cells" or IPS cells create all three germ layers found in embryonic development: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.